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Toccata (from Italian toccata, "to play") is a piece of Renaissance music and Baroque music for keyboard instruments, such as the harpsichord or organ, usually with a free form that generally emphasizes the skill of the performer with a succession of fugal sections that alternate with others of a free style and with an improvisational character. In the more advanced phases of the development of the toccatas, these fugal sections will be the culmination and will have relative independence; so that in the eighteenth century the association of toccata and fugue was common.

La Fuga is a musical genre in which musical ideas called subjects are superimposed. Several voices or instrumental lines are structured through imitation or repetition of the same that appear in different tonalities and in the structured development of the exposed themes. When this technique is used as part of a larger piece, it is said to be a fugal section or fugato ; a small fugue is called a fughetta. Until the end of the Middle Ages the term fugue was widely used to describe canonical structures and works, in the Renaissance it was used to specifically designate works based on imitation. It would not be until the 17th century when the term fugue would take on its current meaning.

The Toccata and Fugue in D minor , BWV 565 is a piece of organ music written by Johann Sebastian Bach . The piece opens with a toccata section (0´31´´ ) , followed by a fugue (3´11´´) that ends in a coda (7´59´´ ) . The first publication of the piece, in the era of Bach 's “renaissance”, was in 1833 , thanks to the efforts of Felix Mendelssohn , who also performed the piece in an acclaimed concerto in 1840 ; Familiarity with the piece improved in the second half of the 19th century and further in the 20th century with the piece's inclusion in Walt Disney 's animated film Fantasia (on Stokowski orchestral transcription), until this composition reached be considered the most famous work in the organ repertoire.

Maria Luisa Veneziano is a pianist, organist, musicologist and radio producer, who graduated in piano at the "S.Cecilia" Conservatory in Rome with M° Aldo Tramma , in Chamber Music with M° Marco Lenzi and in Musicology with M ° Lucia Bonifaci and specializes with Andràs Schiff on Bach 's keyboard work. He continued his studies at the Pontifical Institute for Sacred Music in Rome , at the “ G. Rossini ” in Pesaro , in Paris and in Munich . He has participated as a solo organist in numerous and renowned organ festivals in Ljiublijana, Roccamassima, Emilia Romagna, Teramo, Pesaro, Bergamo, Saint Denis in Paris ... in which he has enjoyed great critical and public success and has collaborated with renowned artists. National and international.

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) together with Bach and Mozart is part of the trio of giants of Western music. Born in Bonn , his father, of Flemish origin, tried to exhibit him as a second Mozart , but it was a notable failure. Despite this, from the age of nine, the organist Christian Gottlob Neefe captivated him with the study of Bach , whom he would always keep in mind. In 1787 he moved to Vienna with the intention of receiving Mozart classes, but the death of his mother brought him back to Bonn after a few days. And so after five years, he returned to Vienna where he was able to study with Haydn and Salieri . However, his profession as an excellent pianist could not be carried out due to the deafness that attacked him the following year until he was totally disabled from said faculty.

Septet, Op. 20. Within the popularly called classical music , the best-known septet is possibly the one popularly known as Beethove's Septimino , written for violin, viola, cello, double bass, clarinet, bassoon and horn, and within it, the III Movement, Minuet , which is what we will see today in interpretation of The Chicago Chamber Musicians , a group founded in 1996 with world-class artists.

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Today we meet another of the three giants of Western music along with Mozart and Beethoven . He was a German violinist, organist, conductor, and composer; He was born in Eisenach and died in Leipzig and his fame as an organist crossed European borders. He belonged to the most prominent musical family in history with more than 30 famous composers in its midst. He began studying with his father and after his father's death he continued with his older brother, Johann Christoph . In 1703 he got his first job as a court musician for the Prince of Arndstat and later as an organist; in 1705 he obtained permission to move to Lübeck for a few months to take classes from Buxtehude .

In 1707 he moved to Mülhausen as an organist, where he married his cousin María Bárbara with whom he had seven children (three of them would die at a very young age). In 1708 he left Mülhausen to work as concertmaster and organist in the Duke of Weimar 's chapel where he composed numerous keyboard and orchestral works while also having the opportunity to transcribe and study various works by Vivaldi . In 1714 he was rewarded with economic improvements, but forced to meet new requirements such as the creation of a monthly cantata. In 1717 he was offered the position of Kapellmeister to the Prince of Köthen , which was the highest paid musical position at the time; from here arise the Brandenburg Concertos and numerous secular works.

After the death of his wife in 1720, he remarried after a year and a half with María Magdalena with whom he would have another thirteen children. In 1723 he moved to Leipzig where he would reside until his death. Here he composed his Christmas Oratorio, The Passion of San Mateo, The Passion of San Juan, the Mass in Si minor , numerous cantatas and the most important keyboard works. He died at the age of 65 in Leipzig after a year of blindness. A prolific composer, he wrote sonatas, arias, suites, concertos, cantatas, oratorios, masses, and works of all kinds of musical forms of his time; his legacy of refined technique is considered the pinnacle of counterpoint and his influence has been notable on Haydn , Mozart , Beethoven , Mendelssohn , Schumann , Chopin ... and many other renowned composers.

Das wohltemperierte Klavier (The Well-Tempered Clavier) is the name of two cycles of preludes and fugues composed by Johann Sebastian Bach in all major and minor keys of the chromatic range. Like much of Bach 's music, neither volume was published in his lifetime, as his first printing did not come until long after his death, in 1801. Both books share the same layout: each book comprises 24 groups made up of a prelude and a fugue in the same key. Start with the key of C major, and then C minor, followed by C sharp major, and so on, until you have completed the entire chromatic range from major to minor.

Today we offer The Well-Tempered Clavier thanks to Tatiana Nikolayeva (1924-1993) Russian pianist, composer and educator, legendary artistic collaborator of Dmitri Shostakovich .

Felipe Gorriti y Osambela (1839-1896) was a Navarrese composer whose first musical knowledge was acquired from his father, an organist in the Navarrese town of Huarte-Araquil , and later, from Mariano García , chapel master of the Pamplona cathedral. Years later, he continued his studies at the Madrid Conservatory , with Jimeno de Lerma and Hilarión Eslava . In 1867, he won the position of organist of the town of Tolosa by opposition, achieving great renown and conferring prestige to the chapel of the Toulouse parish, where numerous organists and students went two or three times a week to receive lessons from the organist. teacher. He composed up to 300 works of a very varied religious nature: solemn and Requiem masses, motets, nocturnes, misereres, etc.

The Miserere . It is the setting of psalm 51, called Miserere , also known as the Psalm of David in the Old Testament . It recounts the visit of the prophet Nathan to King David for having committed adultery with Bathsheba . The first Miserere was composed by Gregorio Allegri (1582-1652) to be sung in the Sistine Chapel inside Saint Peter's Basilica , during the Wednesday and Friday matins of Holy Week . (“ Have mercy on me, O God, according to your mercy. According to the multitude of your mercy erase my rebellions… etc” )

Today it is offered to us by the soprano Nerea Castellot , the tenor Víctor Castillejo , the baritone Silvano Baztán together with the Orfeón Pamplonés and the Navarra Symphony Orchestra conducted by all of them by maestro Igor Ijurra .

Bach 's case is unique in the history of music: no other composer has left such a deep mark on the style, so prolonged in time and so appreciable in the listeners in the following generations. His unparalleled mastery of counterpoint and the timeless, abstract character emanating from his music have been inexhaustible sources of inspiration. To the point that, like few other authors, Bach has crossed stylistic boundaries to encourage reinterpretations in the key of jazz, with the free and improvised character that characterizes this music. The 20th century (and the 19th , and also the 21st ) was the century of Bach . Bach 's pervasiveness affected the jazz scene as well, with various performers turning his scores into jazz standards . (Juan March Foundation 11-17-18)

Today the jazz trio formed by Jacques Loussier – piano, Dunoyer de Segonzac – bass and André Arpino – drums, offer us a small anthology of Bach 's works in jazz format with some reference to Satie and Ravel : 1 (0´10´ ´) Präludium Nr. 1 C-dur .-...... 2 (5´55´´) Pastorale c-moll .-. ..... 3 (20´44´´) Air .-. 4 ..... (25´11´´) Brandenburgisches Konzert Nr. 5 D-dur, I Satz .-. .... 5 (39´28´´) Brandenburgisches Konzert Nr. 5 D-dur, II Satz .-..... 6 (44´58´´) Brandenburgisches Konzert Nr. 5 D-dur, III. Satz .-...... 7 (58´04´´) Gymnopédie Nr. 1 .-......8 (1h 3´45´´) Boléro .-...... 9 (1h 17´13´´) Cembalokonzert D-dur, III Satz.

Bruno Mars (1985) is an American singer, songwriter, music producer, and dancer. Mars began creating music from a very early age and performed on many stages in his hometown throughout his childhood performing impersonations. He graduated from high school and moved to Los Angeles to pursue his music career. In 2010, he managed to place the singles Just the Way You Are and Grenade in the best position on the Billboard Hot 100, managing to reach the first position again with the songs Locked out of Heaven and When I Was Your Man. He has sold more than 170 songs. million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling artists. In addition, Bruno Mars has 7 of his songs among the best-selling singles in the world.

The Cantata is a musical piece written to be “sung”, by one or more solo voices with instrumental accompaniment, generally articulated by several movements and sometimes, with a choir. The oldest type of cantata , known as cantata da camera , was born towards the end of the 17th century, composed for solo voice on a profane text, while the religious cantata was created for religious rites. These cantatas were generally articulated with an initial chorus in which the sopranos began the musical theme, completed by a succession of arias , recitatives , and chorales , sometimes with passages by solo instruments that played the melody prepared for the voice. The fundamental difference with the oratorio is that it has an argument that supports it.

Béjart Ballet Lausanne is a Swiss ballet company. It is located in the city of Lausanne , at the Lausanne Opera , but tours other countries. It was founded in 1987 by Maurice Béjart , a choreographer who had previously created and directed the " Ballet du XXe Siècle " (“Ballet of the 20th century”), which is part of the history of classical ballet in Brussels . Today he offers us Bach 's Cantata 51 choreographed by the founder of the Ballet .

Aram Khachaturian (1903-1978) was an Armenian composer under the Soviet regime; at the age of 16 he entered the Moscow Conservatory to study with Nikolai Myaskovsky , among other teachers, and at the age of 22 he began to write for piano and chamber music; Later on, he will delve into the production of orchestral music, theater, film and ballet music, in which the Espartaco ballet and the Gayané ballet are noteworthy, to which the well-known saber dance belongs. Despite holding important positions, his work was dismissed as "anti-people" in Stalin 's time. His music is clear, agile and vibrant, and in his works Armenian popular music is felt, to which he has always felt attracted; in Armenia he is considered as its main composer.

Gayanéh is a ballet in three acts with music by Aram Khachaturian , composed in 1942 based on a libretto by Konstantín Derzhavin , and choreographed by Nina Anísimova ; was premiered by the Kirov Ballet in Perm (Russia) on December 9, 1942. The score was revised in 1952 and in 1957, with a new libretto and tells the story of a young Armenian whose patriotic feelings collide with personal ones when she discovers the betrayal of her husband. However, the argument was later modified on several occasions, emphasizing the importance of romance more than patriotism. Today we offer it in its entirety in the version of the State Ballet of Armenia .